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The TD-3700 X-ray diffractometer is a high-performance and high-resolution X-ray analysis device, characterized by fast analysis, convenient operation, and strong safety. 1. Technical characteristics of TD-3700 X-ray diffractometer (1) Core configuration of X-ray diffractometer Equipped with a high-speed one-dimensional array detectoror SDD detector, using mixed photon counting technology, there is no noise interference, and the data acquisition speed far exceeds traditional scintillation detectors (with a speed increase of more than a hundred times), and it has high dynamic range (24 bits) and excellent energy resolution (687 ± 5 eV). Equipped with an imported programmable logic controller (PLC), it achieves automated control, low failure rate, strong anti-interference ability, and ensures stable operation of the high-voltage power supply for X-ray tubes. (2) Angle measuring system of X-ray diffractometer Adopting a θ/θ vertical angle measuring instrument structure, the sample is placed horizontally and supports testing of various forms of samples such as liquid, sol, powder, and block, to avoid samples falling into the bearing and causing corrosion. The scanning range of 2 θ angle is -110 °~161 °, with a minimum step of 0.0001 °, a repeatability of ± 0.0001 °, and an angle linearity of ± 0.01 °, suitable for high-precision structural analysis. Supports both conventional reflection mode and transmission mode, with the latter having higher resolution and suitable for trace samples (such as powders with low yields) and structural analysis. (3) The X-ray generation system of X-ray diffractometer The rated power can be selected from 3kW or 5kW, with a tube voltage range of 10~60 kV, a tube current of 2~80 mA, and a stability of ≤ 0.005%. Standard Cr/Co/Cu target material, suitable for different material analysis requirements. 2. Software and Control of TD-3700X-ray Diffraction Instrument (1) Control software for X-ray diffractometer Full Chinese interface, supports Windows XP system, can automatically regulate tube pressure, tube flow, and light switch, with X-ray tube aging training function. The application software provides processing functions such as peak searching, background subtraction, K α 2 stripping, integration calculation, spectrum comparison, etc. It supports inserting text annotations and various scaling operations. (2) Operation safety of X-ray diffractometer Dual protection system (linkage of light gate and lead gate), X-ray leakage rate ≤ 0.1 μ Sv/h, in compliance with national standards. Equipped with a circulating refrigeration system (split or integrated), automatic temperature control and monitoring of water flow rate, refrigerant pressure, etc., to avoid X-ray tube blockage. 3. Application scenarios of TD-3700X-ray diffractometer (1) The core function of X-ray diffractometer Qualitative/quantitative analysis of phases, analysis of crystal structure, determination of grain size and crystallinity. Macroscopic/microscopic stress detection, material orientation analysis (such as thin films, bulk samples). (2) Applicable fields of X-ray diffractometer Materials Science: Ceramics, Metals, Polymers, Superconducting Materials, etc. Environment and Geology: Soil, Rock, Mineral Analysis, and Petroleum Logging. Chemical and Pharmaceutical: Identification of Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Crystallinity Testing of Chemical Products. Other: food inspection, electronic materials, magnetic materials, etc. 4. Product advantages of TD-3700X-ray diffractometer (1) Modular design: The hardware system is modular and supports multiple accessories (such as optical accessories and special function software) that are plug and play, without the need to manually adjust the optical path. (2) Efficient and safe balance: One click operation simplifies the process, while reducing the risk of failure through PLC control, protection system, and automatic alarm functions (such as overcurrent protection and overtemperature warning). (3) Localization breakthrough: The TD series is the only XRD equipment in China that uses programmable controller technology, with performance comparable to imported models (such as D8 ADVANCE) and significantly reduced failure rates. The TD-3700X-ray diffractometer is a powerful and widely used X-ray diffractometer. Its high-performance detector, precise angle measuring system, powerful software functions, and wide range of application fields make it an important tool in scientific research and industrial production.

The TD-5000 X-ray single crystal diffractometer is a high-performance analytical instrument developed and produced by Dandong Tongda Technology Co., Ltd. The following is a detailed introduction to the instrument: 1. Structure and technical characteristics of single crystal diffractometer (1) Core technical support Adopting the four circle concentric angle measuring instrument technology ensures that the center position of the angle measuring instrument remains constant during rotation, improving data integrity and accuracy. Equipped with a hybrid pixel detector, combined with single photon counting and hybrid pixel technology, it achieves low noise and high dynamic range data collection, suitable for challenging sample analysis. High power X-ray generator (3kW or 5kW), supporting the selection of Cu/Mo and other target materials, with a focal size of 1 × 1mm and a divergence of 0.5~1 mrad, meeting different experimental requirements. (2) Modularization and operational optimization The whole machine adopts PLC control technology and modular design to achieve plug and play of accessories, reducing the calibration process. The touch screen monitors the instrument status in real-time, and the one click acquisition system simplifies the operation process. The electronic lead door interlocking device provides dual protection, with X-ray leakage ≤ 0.12 µ Sv/h (at maximum power). 2. Technical parameters of single crystal diffractometer (1) Accuracy and repeatability 2 θ angle repeatability accuracy: 0.0001 ° Minimum step angle: 0.0001 ° Temperature control range: 100K~300K, control accuracy ± 0.3K. (2) Detector performance Sensitive area: 83.8 × 70.0 mm ² Pixel size: 172 × 172 μ m ², pixel spacing error<0.03% Maximum frame rate: 20 Hz, readout time of 7 ms, energy range of 3.5~18 keV. (3) Other key parameters X-ray tube voltage: 10~60 kV (1 kV/step), current 2~50 mA or 2~80 mA. Liquid nitrogen consumption: 1.1~2 L/hour (low-temperature experiment). 3. Application fields of single crystal diffractometer (1) Main research direction Crystal structure analysis: Analyze the atomic arrangement, bond length, bond angle, molecular configuration, and electron cloud density of single crystal materials. Drug crystallography: Study the crystal morphology of drug molecules, evaluate stability and biological activity. New material development: Analyze the three-dimensional structure of synthesized compounds to support material performance optimization. Nanomaterials and Phase Transition Research: Exploring the Characteristics of Nanocrystals and the Mechanism of Material Phase Transition. (2) Typical users School of Materials Science and Technology at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, University of Science and Technology of China, and other universities. Research institutions such as China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation. 4. After sales service of single crystal diffractometer Provide original spare parts, home maintenance, remote diagnosis, and software upgrade services. Regular calibration services (in compliance with international standards) and providing users with operational and application training. 5. Accessories and extended functions for single crystal diffractometer (1) Optional attachments Multi layer film focusing lens (divergence of 0.5~1 mrad). Low temperature device (liquid nitrogen cooling). (2) Compatible devices It can be used in conjunction with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), etc. to achieve multi-scale material analysis. Overall, as a high-end single crystal diffractometer, the performance of TD-5000 has approached international standards, making it particularly suitable for universities, research institutes, and high-end material development needs. For more details, please refer to the official website of Dandong Tongda Technology Co., Ltd.

Special corrugated ceramic tubes, metal ceramic tubes, and glass tubes for analytical instruments, suitable for various models of XRD, XRF, crystal analyzers, and orientation instruments at home and abroad. An X-ray tube is a vacuum electronic device that generates X-rays by high-speed electron impact on a metal target material. Its structure, principle, and application involve various technical characteristics. 1. Basic structure of X-ray tube (1) Cathode (electron emission source) Composed of tungsten filament, X-ray tube heats up and emits electrons after being powered on, and is wrapped around a focusing cover (cathode head) to control the direction of the electron beam. The filament temperature is about 2000K, and the electron emission is regulated by current. (2) Anode (target material) Usually high melting point metals (such as tungsten, molybdenum, rhodium, etc.) are used to withstand high-energy electron bombardment and generate X-rays. Contains anode head (target surface), anode cap, glass ring, and anode handle, responsible for heat dissipation (through radiation or conduction) and absorption of secondary electrons. (3) Vacuum shell and window Glass or ceramic shell maintains a high vacuum environment (not less than 10 ⁻⁴ Pa) to avoid electron scattering. Window materials require low X-ray absorption, commonly using beryllium sheets, aluminum, or Lindemann glass. 2. Working principle of X-ray tube (1) Electron Acceleration and Impact The electrons emitted by the cathode filament are accelerated by high voltage (in the range of kilovolts to megavolts) and collide with the anode target material. The process of converting electronic kinetic energy into X-rays includes: Bremsstrahlung: Continuous spectrum X-rays released when electrons decelerate or deflect. Characteristic radiation: X-rays (such as Kα and Kβ lines) released by electron transitions in the inner layer of the target material. (2) Energy Conversion and Efficiency Only about 1% of the electron energy is converted into X-rays, and the remaining is dissipated in the form of heat, requiring forced cooling (such as a rotating anode design). 3. Classification and application scenarios of X-ray tubes (1) By generating electronic means Inflatable tube: an early type that relies on gas ionization to generate electrons, with low power and short lifespan (now obsolete). Vacuum tube: Modern mainstream, high vacuum environment improves electronic efficiency and stability. (2) By purpose In the medical field, diagnostic (such as dental and breast examinations) and therapeutic (such as radiotherapy) X-ray tube often use rotating anodes to increase power density. Industrial testing: non-destructive testing, material structure analysis, etc., with a focus on high penetration (hard X-rays). (3) According to the cooling method Fixed anode: simple structure, suitable for low-power scenarios. Rotating anode: The target surface rotates at high speed (up to 10000 revolutions per minute) to improve heat dissipation and support high-power output. 4. Performance characteristics and limitations of X-ray tubes (1) Advantages Low cost, small size, easy operation, suitable for routine medical and industrial testing. Flexible adjustment of target materials (such as tungsten, molybdenum, copper) to meet different energy requirements. (2) Limitations Poor brightness and collimation, large X-ray divergence angle, requiring additional collimators. The energy spectrum is continuous and contains characteristic lines, requiring filtering or monochromatization (such as using nickel filters to remove Kβ lines). 5. Comparison between X-ray tubes and synchrotron radiation sources (1) Brightness and flux X-ray tube: Low brightness, suitable for routine testing. Synchrotron radiation light source: with a brightness 106~1012times higher, suitable for cutting-edge research such as nanoimaging and protein crystallography. (2) Spectral characteristics X-ray tube: Discrete characteristic lines+continuous spectrum, energy range limited by acceleration voltage. Synchrotron radiation: wide continuous spectrum (from infrared to hard X-rays), precisely tunable. (3) Time characteristics X-ray tube: Continuous or microsecond level pulses (rotating target). Synchrotron radiation: Femtosecond level pulses, suitable for studying dynamic processes such as chemical reactions. 6. Technical parameters of X-ray tube (1) Optional target material types: Cu, Co, Fe, Cr, Mo, Ti, W, etc (2) Focus type: 0.2 × 12mm2 or 1 × 10mm2 or 0.4 × 14mm2 (fine focus) (3) Larger output power: 2.4kW or 2.7kW Overall, X-ray tube dominate in fields such as medical diagnosis and industrial testing due to their practicality and economy, but are limited by performance bottlenecks. For scenes that require high resolution and high brightness (such as cutting-edge scientific research), advanced technologies such as synchrotron radiation sources need to be relied upon. Future development directions include improving energy conversion efficiency, optimizing heat dissipation structures, and developing miniaturized X-ray sources.

The rotating sample holder is an experimental device used for precise control of sample orientation, widely used in fields such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopic analysis, and material testing. By rotating the sample, preferred orientation can be eliminated, measurement accuracy and repeatability can be improved. 1. The core function of the rotating sample holder (1) Eliminating preferred orientation: By rotating the sample plane (β axis), diffraction errors caused by coarse grains or texture are reduced, ensuring the reproducibility of diffraction intensity. (2) Multi position measurement: Conduct multi angle measurements on uneven samples (such as grains), average the data at different positions, and improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results. (3) Automated operation: Some devices support automatic rotation and sample change to improve testing efficiency (such as XRD fully automatic rotating sample holder). 2. Technical characteristics of rotating sample holder (1) Structural design: Drive mode: precise rotation is achieved through mechanisms such as motors, shafts, gears and racks, and some equipment is equipped with servo motors and encoders to correct the speed. Clamping device: The sample is fixed by a compression clamp, card slot, or clamping block, and the inner side is partially clamped with a rubber layer to adapt to different materials. Rotation parameters: The rotation speed can reach 1-60RPM, with a minimum step width of 0.1 º, and supports continuous or step modes. (2) Adaptability: Can be installed in XRD instruments, optical/electrical testing systems, etc., supporting multiple sample holders (such as reflective probes, in-situ battery accessories, etc.). Some devices support 360°rotation and are compatible with various measurement requirements such as optics and electronics. 3. Application scenarios of rotating sample holder (1) X-ray diffraction (XRD): Used for analyzing samples with texture or crystallography (such as metal materials, thin films), to eliminate the influence of preferred orientation on diffraction results. The fully automatic model can improve the efficiency of multi sample testing, reduce the number of door opening and closing times, and extend the lifespan of equipment. (2) Spectral analysis and material testing: Used for measuring uneven samples (such as grains) with reflective probes, by rotating and averaging spectral data at different positions. Adapt to in-situ high and low temperature environments, and support complex experimental conditions. (3) Multi functional experiment: By combining probes, electrical or optical sample holders, comprehensive testing of electrical characteristics, surface morphology, and other features can be achieved. The rotating sample holder​ solves the measurement error problem caused by the preferred orientation of traditional fixed sample stages by accurately controlling the sample orientation. At the same time, its automation and multi scene adaptability make it a key tool in fields such as XRD and spectral analysis. The specific selection needs to be matched with the corresponding model based on experimental requirements such as rotation accuracy, sample type, and automation level.

In situ medium and low temperature accessories are experimental equipment accessory used for material analysis, mainly used for in-situ testing in low or medium low temperature environments. Combined with vacuum environment, temperature control, and special window material design, it is widely used in fields such as chemistry, materials science, and catalytic research. 1. Core functions and technical parameters of in-situ medium and low temperature accessories (1) Temperature range and control accuracy Supports a temperature range of -196 ℃ to 500 ℃ in a vacuum environment (such as liquid nitrogen refrigeration), with a temperature control accuracy of ± 0.5 ℃. Some models can cover temperatures from -150 ° C to 600 ° C, suitable for a wider range of experimental needs. (2) Refrigeration method and cooling system Using liquid nitrogen refrigeration, with a liquid nitrogen consumption of less than 4L/h, and maintaining a stable temperature through a deionized water circulation cooling system. Optional low-temperature liquid nitrogen cooling system (such as Cryostream series). (3) Window Materials and Structural Design The window material is mostly polyester film (such as TD series), and some infrared configurations use KBr or SiO2 windows. The structure includes a high-pressure resistant design (such as 133kPa) and is equipped with multiple gas inlets/outlets, suitable for in-situ reactions or atmosphere control. 2. Application fields of in-situ medium and low temperature accessories (1) Material research Used for in-situ testing of X-ray diffractometers (such as TD-3500) to study changes in crystal structure and phase transition processes at low temperatures. Support research on heterogeneous catalysis, gas-solid interactions, photochemical reactions, etc. (2) Electrochemical and Battery Research It can be extended to in-situ battery accessories to test composites in electrochemical systems (such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc.), with a temperature resistance of up to 400 ℃. (3) Industry Applications The products of Dandong Tongda Technology (TD series) have been applied in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, geology, metallurgy, etc., and exported to countries such as the United States and Azerbaijan. 3. Typical products and brands of in-situ medium and low temperature accessories​ Dandong Tongda Technology (TD Series) The accessories for X-ray diffractometers such as TD-3500 and TD-3700 emphasize high-precision temperature control (± 0.5 ℃) and efficient liquid nitrogen refrigeration. Suitable for diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurement, providing stainless steel reaction chamber, multi window configuration (FTIR or UV Vis compatible), supporting high vacuum to 133kPa environment. Overall, in situ medium and low temperature accessories have become an important tool for material in situ analysis through precise temperature control, vacuum environment, and window design adapted to different instruments. They play an irreplaceable role in the study of low-temperature crystal structures and exploration of catalytic reaction mechanisms.

To understand the changes in crystal structure of samples during high-temperature heating and the changes in mutual dissolution of various substances during high-temperature heating. In situ high-temperature attachment is an experimental device used for in-situ characterization of materials under high temperature conditions, mainly used to study dynamic processes such as crystal structure changes, phase transitions, and chemical reactions of materials during high-temperature heating. The following provides a detailed introduction from the aspects of technical parameters, application scenarios, and precautions: 一、 Technical parameters of in-situ high-temperature attachments 1. Temperature range of in-situ high-temperature attachments Inert gas/vacuum environment: The maximum temperature can reach 1600 ℃. Standard environment: Room temperature to 1200 ℃ (as provided in the TD-3500 XRD accessory). 2. Temperature control accuracy of in-situ high-temperature accessories: usually ± 0.5 ℃ (such as in-situ high-temperature accessories), and the accuracy of some equipment above 1000 ℃ is ± 0.5 ℃. 3. Window materials and cooling methods for in-situ high-temperature attachments Window material: Polyester film (temperature resistant to 400 ℃) or beryllium sheet (thickness 0.1mm), used for X-ray penetration. Cooling method: Deionized water circulation cooling ensures stable operation of the equipment under high temperature conditions. 4. Atmosphere and pressure control of in-situ high-temperature attachments: Supports inert gases (such as Ar, N ₂), vacuum or atmospheric environments, and some models can withstand pressures less than 10 bar. The atmosphere gas flow rate can be adjusted (0.7-2.5L/min), suitable for corrosive gas environments. 二、 Application scenarios of in-situ high-temperature attachments 1. Material research on in-situ high-temperature attachments Analyze the changes in crystal structure (such as platinum phase transition) and phase transition processes (such as melting and sublimation) at high temperatures. Study the chemical reactions of materials at high temperatures, such as dissolution and oxidation. 2. Equipment adaptability of in-situ high-temperature attachments Mainly used in X-ray diffractometers (XRD), such as TD-3500, TD-3700, etc. It can also be used for in-situ tensile testing using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with customized flange connections required. 三、 Precautions for using in-situ high-temperature accessories 1. Sample requirements for in-situ high-temperature attachments It is necessary to test the chemical stability of the sample in the target temperature range in advance to avoid decomposition into strong acids/bases or ceramic bonding. The sample shape must meet the requirements of the attachment (such as thickness 0.5-4.5mm, diameter 20mm). 2. Experimental operating procedures for in-situ high-temperature attachments The heating rate needs to be controlled (e.g. maximum 200 ℃)/ min@100 ℃) to avoid overheating and damaging the equipment. After the experiment, the sample needs to be cooled to room temperature to prevent structural damage.

The multifunctional sample stage is a highly integrated experimental equipment mainly used in the fields of materials science, semiconductor manufacturing, electron microscopy analysis, etc. Its core features are modular design, multifunctional integration, and high-precision control. 一、 The core functions and structural characteristics of the multifunctional sample stage 1. Modular design of multifunctional sample stage: Multiple functions are achieved through different module combinations, such as self rotation coupling module (speed 0~20 revolutions per minute, with zero limit), lifting module (standard stroke 50mm/100mm, customizable), heater module (maximum temperature up to 1100 ℃), etc. Support DC/RF power supply connection to meet the needs of thin film growth, sample cleaning, or auxiliary film formation. 2. High precision control and sensors for multifunctional sample stage: Equipped with temperature, pressure and other sensors, real-time monitoring of sample environmental parameters, and adjusting heating, cooling and other operations through the control system. Some models integrate pneumatic baffle modules for easy operation. 3. Compatibility and adaptability of multifunctional sample stage: Suitable for testing irregular samples such as trace powders, sheet materials, and large-sized samples, avoiding the damage caused by traditional cutting or grinding. Supports sample sizes below 6 inches and customizable flange interfaces. 二、 Application Fields of Multi functional Sample Stand 1. Thin film technology for multifunctional sample stage: used for advanced thin film growth technologies such as MBE (molecular beam epitaxy), PLD (pulsed laser deposition), magnetron sputtering, as well as substrate annealing, high-temperature degassing and other processes. 2. Electron microscopy analysis of multifunctional sample stage: Cold field scanning electron microscope: Fix the sample with long screws and adjust the conductivity with compatible brass washers. TEM/FIB system: integrates in-situ delamination, nanoprobe testing, and TEM analysis to avoid contamination or damage caused by sample transfer. 3. Failure analysis of multifunctional sample stage: Integrating atomic site stripping, electrical testing and analysis processes in FIB and TEM systems to improve success rate and efficiency. 三、 Technical advantages of multifunctional sample stage 1. Integration and automation of multifunctional sample stage: reduces manual operation complexity through modular design, supports overall movement and precise positioning in vacuum environment. 2. High reliability of the multifunctional sample stage: using standard flange interfaces (such as CF50/CF40) to ensure sealing and compatibility. 3. Customization of multifunctional sample table: Heating material, stroke length, and sample holder type (such as 3-jaw bayonet type, bottom fork type) can be selected according to needs. Overall, the multifunctional sample stage is a key equipment for material research and micro analysis, commonly used in X-ray diffraction instruments. Its value lies in functional integration, operational flexibility, and adaptability to complex experimental requirements. The specific selection needs to match the corresponding modules and performance parameters according to the actual application scenarios (such as thin film technology, electron microscopy analysis, or failure analysis).

一、Core functions and application scenarios of originally battery accessories Functional positioning of originally battery accessories: 1.Implement real-time testing during battery charging and discharging processes (such as XRD, optical observation, etc.) to avoid data loss or sample contamination caused by traditional disassembly. 2.Simulate the working environment of real batteries, support temperature control, electrolyte addition, and sealing guarantee. Typical application scenarios of originally battery accessories: 1.XRD in-situ testing: Analyze the crystal phase changes of electrode materials (such as LiFePO4) during charge and discharge processes. 2.Optical in-situ observation: Observe the surface reaction of the electrode through a beryllium window (polyester film). 3.High throughput screening: supports battery performance research under multiple conditions (temperature, pressure, electrolyte). 4.Widely used in electrochemical systems containing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen sulfur, metal embedded complexes, etc.    二、Structural composition and material properties of originally battery accessories 1.Core components of originally battery accessories: Lower insulation cover: mostly made of alumina ceramic or polytetrafluoroethylene material, including installation chamber and coolant flow channel, supporting temperature control. Upper conductive cover: designed with through holes, bolted to the lower insulating cover to form a current path. Lower electrode: including top plate and support column, fixed by butterfly spring compression, simplifying the assembly process. Beryllium window (polyester film): diameter 15mm (customizable), thickness 0.1mm (customizable), used for X-ray penetration or optical observation. 2.Technical improvement of originally battery accessories: Formal assembly: replaces traditional inverted methods, simplifies the operation process, and reduces the impact of compression on the separator and positive electrode materials. Cooling and Heating: The lower insulation cover integrates a coolant channel or resistance wire pipeline, supporting temperature control of -400℃. Sealing design: The butterfly spring compresses and fixes the lower electrode, and cooperates with the installation seat airflow to blow and prevent frost and ice formation. 三、Technical advantages of originally battery accessories 1. Convenient operation of originally battery accessories: The formal structure reduces the operating time inside the glove box and lowers the assembly complexity. Modular design of components (such as replaceable beryllium windows and insulation sleeves) improves maintenance efficiency. 2. Performance parameters: Test range: Temperature range of 0.5-160℃, temperature resistance up to 400 ℃. Sealing: Supports long-term stable storage of electrolyte to avoid leakage. Compatibility: Suitable for X-ray diffractometers and other equipment.

XRD and FTIR fiber accessories provide complete material characterization solutions. XRD units analyze crystal structure and orientation, while FTIR systems identify composition through micro-imaging and ATR technology. Accessories include small-angle diffraction, parallel beam thin-film, and in-situ temperature stages for nanoscale analysis. Automated sample handling enhances efficiency. Applications span material research, industrial quality control, and scientific studies of polymer dichroism. These tools continue to evolve, driving innovations in fiber science and industrial applications.

X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS)​ is a powerful tool for studying the local atomic or electronic structure of materials, widely used in popular fields such as catalysis, energy, and nanotechnology. The basic principle of X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) is that when the energy of X-rays resonates with the energy of an inner electron shell of an element in the sample, a sudden increase in electrons is excited to form a continuous spectrum, which is called the absorption edge. Near the absorption edge, as the X-ray energy increases, the absorption rate monotonically decreases as the penetration depth of the X-ray increases. When the spectrum is extended beyond a specific edge, fine structures can be observed, where X-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES) regions appear as soon as peaks and shoulders with a width exceeding 20 to 30 electron volts pass through the starting point of the edge. The fine structure located on the high-energy side of the edge where energy decays to several hundred electron volts is called X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS). The main features of X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) are: Sensitivity to short-range ordering: It depends on short-range ordering and does not rely on long-range ordering, making it possible to measure a wide range of samples. It can be used for amorphous, liquid, molten, catalyst active centers, metal proteins, etc., as well as for structural studies of impurity atoms in crystals. Strong elemental characteristics: The X-ray absorption edge has elemental characteristics, and for atoms of different elements in the sample, the atomic neighbor structure of different elements in the same compound can be studied by adjusting the incident X-ray energy. High sensitivity: Fluorescence method can be used to measure samples of elements with concentrations as low as one millionth. Comprehensive acquisition of structural information: able to provide parameters that determine the local structure, such as the distance between absorbing atoms and neighboring atoms, the number and type of these atoms, and the oxidation state of absorbing elements. Sample preparation is simple: no single crystal is required, and under the experimental conditions, the data collection time is relatively short. Using a synchrotron X-ray source usually only takes a few minutes to measure a spectral line. The main advantages of X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) are: Core advantage: highest luminous flux product Photon flux exceeding 1000000 photons/second/eV, with spectral efficiency several times higher than other products; Obtain data quality equivalent to synchrotron radiation Excellent stability: The stability of monochromatic light intensity of the light source is better than 0.1%, and the energy drift during repeated collection is less than 50 meV 1% detection limit: High luminous flux, excellent optical path optimization, and excellent light source stability ensure that high-quality EXAFS data can still be obtained when the measured element content is>1%. 4. Application areas of X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) : Energy field: such as research on lithium batteries and other secondary battery materials, fuel cell research, hydrogen storage material research, etc. XAFS can be used to obtain the concentration, valence state, coordination environment, and dynamic changes of core atoms during charge discharge cycles and electrochemical reactions. Catalysis field: used for research on nanoparticle catalysis, single atom catalysis, etc. Obtain the morphology of the catalyst on the support, the interaction form with the support, and its changes during the catalytic process through XAFS, as well as the neighboring structures of metal ions with extremely low content. In the field of materials science, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) is used for the characterization of various materials, the study of complex systems and disordered structural materials, the research of radioactive isotopes, the study of related properties of surface and interface materials, and the study of dynamic changes in materials. In the field of geology, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) can be used for element valence state analysis of ore materials in geological research. Environmental field: XES can be used for valence state analysis of Cr/As elements, etc. In the field of radiochemistry, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) can be used for valence state analysis of Ce, U elements, etc. The X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer (XAFS) plays an important role in modern scientific research due to its unique working principle, significant characteristics, and wide application fields. It provides a powerful means for people to gain a deeper understanding of the microstructure and chemical state of matter, promoting the development and progress of multiple disciplinary fields.