The X-ray intensity of nondestructive testing at a point in space is the sum of the number of photons and the energy product over a unit area perpendicular to the X-ray propagation direction in unit time.

In X-ray analysis, an instrument used to measure the Angle between an incident X-ray beam and a diffracted X-ray beam. The diffractometer automatically maps the variation of the diffraction intensity with the 2θ Angle.

Polycrystalline X-ray diffractometer, also known as powder diffractometer, is usually used to measure powder, polycrystalline metal or polymer bulk materials.

The power conditions depend on the X-ray tube as the target material and focus type. Although Cu targets are widely used for diffraction, the use of Cu targets for residual austenite analysis is not recommended because of the strong fluorescence of iron-based materials.

By X-ray diffraction of the material and analysis of its diffraction pattern, information such as the composition of the material, the structure or morphology of the internal atoms or molecules is obtained.

X-ray generator is composed of X-ray tube, high voltage generator, tube pressure and tube flow stabilization circuit and protection circuit.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a means of research to obtain information such as the composition of a material, the structure or form of an internal atom or molecule by analyzing its diffraction pattern through X-ray diffraction.

Using the principle of X-ray diffraction, the cutting Angle of natural and artificial single crystals is accurately and quickly determined, and the cutting machine is equipped for directional cutting of the said crystals.

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) is a surface element analysis technique commonly used to analyze particles, residues, and impurities on smooth surfaces.

X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation widely used in medical and industrial fields. Although most X-rays are produced artificially, there are also some phenomena in nature that produce X-rays.