Technical Principles, Development Status, and Applications of X-ray Absorption Spectrometers: A Review

X-ray absorption spectrometers measure absorption coefficient vs. photon energy to reveal local atomic/electronic structure. XANES gives valence/coordination; EXAFS extracts bond lengths, coordination numbers. Trends: 4th-gen synchrotrons and benchtop breakthroughs. Applications include catalysis, batteries, environment, biomedicine. Non-destructive, element-specific, 0.5 wt% detection limit.

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